Sunday Jan 04, 2026

This Dum Week 2026-01-04

This week's episode covers one of the most consequential geopolitical developments in recent U.S. history: the January 3rd military operation to capture Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro. Hosts Dr. RollerGator and Alexandros Marinos provide extensive analysis of the operation, examining it through both realist geopolitical logic and principled concerns about international norms. The episode features detailed discussion about the strategic rationale involving energy security and European dependence, the collapse of the post-WWII rules-based international order, and what this precedent means for future U.S. foreign policy.

The discussion expands to examine parallel developments in Iran, where economic crisis and widespread protests suggest potential regime change efforts. The hosts explore evidence of economic collapse, infrastructure failures, and possible U.S. covert operations supporting Iranian opposition movements. The episode concludes with an extended conversation about the rapid advancement of AI-powered coding tools, particularly Claude Code, and their transformative impact on software development productivity.

Throughout the episode, the hosts grapple with the tension between understanding cold geopolitical calculations while maintaining moral and principled opposition to arbitrary military interventions that undermine international law and sovereignty.

Detailed Outline

Cold Open: D4VD Murder Case Update (00:03:41 - 00:09:24)

The episode opens with a brief update on the D4VD murder case, which the hosts have been following over recent months.

Key Details:

Case against singer D4VD is heating up with an indictment expected in coming weeks
14-year-old Celeste Rivas Hernandez's decomposing body was found in trunk of D4VD's abandoned Tesla in September
Private investigator reveals explosive evidence: chainsaw found in D4VD's rented Hollywood Hills mansion along with burn cage incinerator
LA grand jury will be asked to return murder indictment
Defense attorneys discussing bail arrangements potentially requiring millions in collateral
At least 80 people confirmed dead from Venezuela operation (mentioned later as comparison)

Hosts' Analysis: Dark humor about the "circumstantial" nature of finding a dismembered body in someone's car alongside a chainsaw and incinerator. The hosts note the case progression from suspect to likely indictment.

Venezuela Military Operation - The Event (00:09:24 - 00:20:00)

Main Topic: U.S. Military Captures Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro

The hosts introduce the primary topic: the extraordinary U.S. military operation on January 3rd, 2026, to capture Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro.

Trump's Press Conference - Key Claims:

"Overwhelming American military power, air, land and sea was used to launch a spectacular assault"
Described as "assault like people have not seen since World War II"
Heavily fortified military fortress in heart of Caracas was targeted
"One of the most stunning, effective and powerful displays of American military might"
Compared to previous operations: Soleimani strike, Al-Baghdadi raid, decimation of Iran nuclear sites ("Operation Midnight Hammer")
Lights of Caracas turned off due to "certain expertise that we have"
No American service members killed, no equipment lost
Maduro and wife Celia Flores captured, face indictment in Southern District of New York (Jay Clayton) for "deadly narco terrorism"

U.S. Plans for Venezuela:

Trump: "We're going to run the country until such time as we can do a safe, proper and judicious transition"
Will not allow "somebody else to get in there" who doesn't have Venezuelan people's interests in mind
Large U.S. oil companies will "spend billions of dollars, fix the badly broken infrastructure, the oil infrastructure, and start making money for the country"
Prepared for "second and much larger attack if we need to"
97% of drugs coming by sea knocked out, "each boat kills 25,000 people on average"

Notable Detail: Operation occurred on January 3rd - same date as Noriega operation in Panama (1991) and Soleimani assassination. Trump creating an annual "foreign leader day."

Venezuela - Geopolitical and Historical Context (00:20:00 - 00:38:00)

Biden Administration Groundwork:

Dr. RollerGator reveals critical context that this wasn't Trump acting alone - the Biden administration laid significant groundwork:

January 10, 2025 (ten days before Biden left office): State Department condemned Maduro's "illegitimate attempt to seize power"
Bounties increased: $25 mi ll i o n e a c h f or M a d u ro an d I n t er i or M ini s t erD i os d a d o C ab e ll o;$ 15 million for Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino Lopez
These rewards stem from March 2020 narco-trafficking indictments
Nearly 2,000 Maduro-aligned individuals had visa restrictions imposed
187 current or former Maduro-aligned individuals individually sanctioned
Official U.S. policy: removing Maduro as head of state (whether legitimate or illegitimate)

International Response:

EU has mostly approved or stayed on sidelines
Democrats relatively muted - making "little noises" but not really doing anything
This appears to be in line with long-term U.S. interests, not random Trump decision

Historical Parallel - Noriega in Panama:

Very similar operation to what happened with Noriega in Panama
Noriega was cooperating with U.S. for extended period, then wasn't
U.S. went in, plucked him out, brought him to U.S. to be tried for drug crimes
Also occurred on January 3rd

Venezuela - Realist Geopolitical Analysis (00:38:00 - 00:55:00)

Alexandros Marinos's "Deeper Take" - Consolidating Control of Europe:

The operation makes clear realist sense as part of a broader strategy to consolidate U.S. control over Europe:

Three Pillars of Sovereignty: Trade, Energy, and Military

Military (NATO): U.S. already controls European military through NATO ✓
Trade: Recent von der Leyen/Trump agreement - 15% tariffs on Europe, Europe no tariffs on U.S., Europe agrees to buy $750 billion in oil ✓
Energy: The missing piece that Venezuela solves

The Energy Problem:

U.S. blew up Nord Stream, cutting Europe off from Russian oil
Europe now in energy deficit - Germany de-industrializing
Energy extremely expensive due to supply/demand problem
Can't buy from Russia, Qatar, Iran - must buy from somewhere
U.S. doesn't have enough for both EU and U.S. in long run

Venezuela as the Solution:

Huge oil reserves that could supply both U.S. and Europe
Production won't come online tomorrow - could take 5-10 years
Estimated $50 billion needed (Alex notes: "that's how much Elon paid for Twitter")
This isn't a project designed yesterday - this is long-term planning

Geopolitical Unit Formation:

U.S. consolidating control from "Greenland to Patagonia"
Creating stable geopolitical unit controlling Western Hemisphere
Retrenching to "home region" (though calling entirety of Americas and Northern Europe "home region" is stretching it)

Key Quote from Alex: "Look, it's a dog eat dog world out there. Venezuela was failing to utilize the resource it had at its hands. And sanctions, no sanctions, doesn't matter. It's their job to do so and to use that to be able to defend it. If you're sitting on a massive diamond and you don't have a security system that is able to protect that diamond, the diamond will be taken."

Venezuela - Moral and Principled Objections (00:55:00 - 01:12:00)

The Rules-Based International Order Collapse:

Guest Brett Weinstein provides historical context on the collapsing post-WWII framework:

What We Had (Post-WWII):

UN system: nation states had sovereign borders you couldn't violate without UN approval
World Trade Organization governing trade negotiations
Higher authorities beyond "might makes right"
Abstract agreed-upon rules for trade, arms negotiations, etc.
"Always something of a fiction" - but imposed shame and constraints on powerful nations

What's Changing:

Rules-based order being openly abandoned
U.S. no longer seeking international approval (contrast: sought UN and Congressional approval for Iraq invasions)
Panama 1991 didn't seek approval, but Venezuela 2026 is even more brazen

Second and Third Order Effects:

Brett warns: "We can't assume that this won't have second and third order effects where other countries around the world, large and small, won't say, okay, that post World War II order is over, we are back to a completely realist, multipolar might makes right perspective."

Examples of New Logic:

Russia's actions in Ukraine make all the sense in the world under this framework
"Defending their interests in the very, very near abroad, in the most near abroad"
"Even if they went to Poland, it would be the same logic" (terrifyingly)
Any country could get a court order for another's prime minister and go snatch them

Cold War vs. Today:

Brett argues the moral case is much harder now than during Cold War:

Cold War: "Democratic capitalism versus Communist totalitarianism" - binary struggle between different worldviews
Today: Russia and China are "very, very different" - economically sophisticated, technologically dynamic
No longer the stark "freedom vs. totalitarianism" distinction that justified many Cold War actions
Much more difficult to justify what "look like arbitrary actions and deny other nations arbitrary actions"

Venezuela - The Narrative Problem (01:12:00 - 01:29:00)

The Drug Trafficking Rationale:

Alex Marinos dissects the incoherent official justifications:

Cartel de Los Soles:

Concept is actually code name for drug activities between corrupt Venezuelan generals and CIA
"Los Soles" is blanket umbrella term for people with sun on their uniform patches (Venezuelan military)
Supposedly to "track drug flows" (like Fast and Furious with guns under Obama)
Now suddenly "Maduro is in charge of it" - so he's working with CIA?
J.D. Vance admitted: "Fine, they didn't really give us any fentanyl, but they had cocaine"

The 23 Different Justifications:

Alex has cataloged 23 different reasons given by government officials for why Maduro needed to be removed, including:

Drug trafficking
Machine gun ownership (in New York court system, for a sovereign)
Electoral fraud
Human rights abuses
Maria Polina Luna accused him of ordering assassination of Marco Rubio

Key Quote from Alex: "There's no way you can disguise this as some sort of, you know, there's rules for everybody and in just in this case it happens to help us. This is just. We're taking your [oil]. Which apparently has always been ours."

Venezuela - American Self-Perception Crisis (01:29:00 - 01:48:00)

Dr. RollerGator's Principled Concerns:

Even accepting Maduro as a "crime boss in charge of a country," several problems remain:

The Precedent Problem:

Just because we did it in the past (Panama) doesn't make it right or wise
Historical precedents can always be found for any action on long enough timeline
"Just because something happened before doesn't make it right or wise or justified"

The Democratic Contradiction:

U.S. says it will "run Venezuela" until proper transition
But Trump explicitly said won't allow someone they don't like to win
"Giving them the freedom to have to pick from a limited set of options"
Why would we want someone against our interests? But this contradicts claim of supporting democracy

The Post Hoc Rationalization:

Using analogy to hypothetical Trump assassination:

If foreign actor assassinated Trump for being "fugitive" under their court system
Large number of Americans would celebrate (we saw this after assassination attempts)
But we wouldn't accept "look at all these Americans celebrating" as justification
Similarly, finding Venezuelan expatriates/diaspora who support U.S. action is insufficient justification

Alex's Concern - Narrative Collapse:

"I think this kind of brings a collapse in self perception of the American people that I don't know if everybody fully appreciates because I think American people have been raised and as I know them to be, are, you know, they want to be good people, they want to do the right thing. And this doesn't really look like that at all. Like it just doesn't have any, you know, it doesn't even have the, you know, the patina of being the right thing."

Key Question: "Are Americans able to see themselves as effectively pirates or an empire or call it what you want, that says, look, we're just going to grab the part of the planet that we care about and whoever's in the way. Well, you know, too bad."

Venezuela - Domestic Impacts and Final Thoughts (01:48:00 - 02:00:00)

Caribbean Travel Disrupted:

AP reports hundreds of flights canceled:

No airline flights crossing Venezuelan airspace
Major airlines canceled hundreds of flights across eastern Caribbean
Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Aruba, and dozen+ Lesser Antilles destinations affected
FAA imposed restrictions; airlines waived change fees
Disruptions could continue for days

Historical Grievance Arguments:

Discussion of Venezuela nationalizing Exxon's oil operations in the 1970s:

U.S.-aligned two-party system ran Venezuela for decades after nationalization through late 1990s
Can't bring up 1970s grievance against 2025 government when "your people" ran it 1970s-1990s
Numbers involved ( $1.5 bi ll i o n, ma y b e$ 10 billion inflation-adjusted) don't make sense
Trump keeps saying "he offered us everything and we just didn't want it"

The Casualties:

Alex emphasizes what's being overlooked: "At least 80 people have been confirmed dead from the attack and I'm sure the number will rise further. It was bloodless in terms of US Military apparently, but that doesn't mean that human beings didn't die."

For Christians: "I suggest they open their Bible, go past the do not covet and do not steal and go right into do not murder, which apparently I'm told I'm misinterpreting the Bible."

Iran - Economic Crisis and Infrastructure Collapse (01:30:00 - 01:46:00)

Main Topic: Iran Facing Perfect Storm of Crises

Dr. RollerGator has been tracking Iran developments that kept "falling to the cutting room floor" for months. Now, in wake of Venezuela, the situation demands attention.

Currency Manipulation (October 5):

Parliament approved plan to remove four zeros from national currency (rial)
Redefines rial as equal to 10,000 current rials
Introduces new subunit: Kiran/ghran worth 100 rials
Both old and new rials will circulate for up to three years transition period

Economic Indicators (October 3):

Basic food requirements now 63% of spending for minimum wage workers
Fears of food security crisis
Many households can no longer afford rice, chicken or meat
Inflation already near 45%, may exceed 90%
Rial broke record lows several times since UN sanctions return September 28
Lost 15% of value in less than one week
Growth turning negative, unemployment climbing to double digits

Quote from Journalist Hassan Muhammad: "The worst way of living is life in suspense. It weighs down the human psyche."

Water Crisis (October 10):

Hydropower generation at Amir Kabir dam in Karaj (west of Tehran) has stopped
Dam storage fell to 25 million cubic meters
Currently holds only 14 of 205 million cubic meter capacity - 86% empty
Several provinces could soon face acute drinking water shortages
Lowest level in more than six decades of operation
Year-over-year comparison reflects 76% decline in stored volume

Cryptocurrency Crackdown (October 5):

Central Bank imposed $5,000 annual purchase limit per person on stablecoins
$10,000 ceiling on total stablecoin holdings
Rial plunged to record low of 1,170,000 per US dollar
Triggered by UN sanctions resumption (snapback mechanism activated by European countries)

Quote from Tehran Economist: "Iran's stablecoin limits will not stop dollar demand, they will only drive it deeper underground."

Poverty and Rationing (October 6):

Parliament speaker invoked Supreme Leader's warnings about economic deterioration
Pressure on government to issue ration coupons for essential goods
Thinly veiled rebuke to relatively moderate President Pezeshkian

Medicine Shortages (October 8):

Widespread anxiety over medicine shortages and rising prices
Prices of basic and specialized medicines multiplied in recent weeks
Many visiting multiple pharmacies to find affordable essential drugs
Even common cold and allergy medications in short supply
Supreme National Security Council ordered domestic media to limit coverage of UN sanctions

Energy Crisis (January 2026):

16 of 31 provinces forced into complete shutdown (January 13, 2026)
Severe energy imbalance
Blackouts affecting major provinces from Kurdistan to Kazakhstan
Systemic crisis fueled by corruption crippling key industries

Iran - Protests and U.S. Response (01:46:00 - 02:20:00)

Widespread Protests:

Supreme Leader Khamenei's first comments since demonstrations began:

Authorities should be "open to talk to protesters"
Rioters should be "put in their place"
At least 10-14 people killed (varying reports)
Thousands taken to streets across Iran
Anger about state of economy, rising cost of living
Inflation soaring, food prices rising, currency lost nearly half its value since June

Al Jazeera Report from Tehran:

Reporter Sohei Asadi: protests "sporadically taking place" in different cities
Tehran, Mashhad, Navies, Kazaroon, and small cities
Videos coming from social media
"Yet to be called nationwide" or "gaining momentum"
Government recognizes rights to peaceful protests but warns against riots
People waiting for solutions to economic problems, not just response to protests

Trump's Warning (January 2, 2026):

Trump statement on Iran protests:

"To the great people of Iran: You have suffered for far too long under a tyrannical regime"
Warns Iranian government "not to harm the protesters"
"If any demonstrators are killed or injured... there will be big trouble"
"It will not be accepted"

CNN Analysis:

Though remark appeared to suggest military action, US official said no major changes to troop levels
No preparations in Middle East
US Central Command declined comment

Other Support Options:

Previously taken steps during 2022 protests: bolstering Internet connectivity using satellites (stymie regime's effort to cut off access to information)
New sanctions against regime figures or economic sectors

Mike Pompeo Tweet:

Referenced as "incredible" by Alex - suggesting U.S. involvement in protest organization/support (specific content not detailed in transcript)

Iran - Source Reliability and Uncertainty (02:12:00 - 02:21:00)

Alex's Skepticism:

Major methodological discussion about knowing what's actually happening:

The Problem:

"We're not on the ground, right? We don't have a way of actually knowing what's happening"
BBC, CNN, Iran International (diaspora opposition) all have known reliability issues
"We know that these same people will just lie and lie and lie about things that we know about, but now we're just repeating what they're saying about things that we don't know about"

Contrasting Source:

Alex cites Dialogue Works podcast:

Host is Brazilian of Iranian extraction
Happened to be in Iran this week
When asked what he was seeing: "I don't know what to tell you. I don't see that many protests. I hear about it, I've seen a couple of videos, but it's largely fine"
Value: "At least I know that his face did not come up on my screen because he was selected by somebody else to tell me about Iran"
Probably more sympathetic to government, but not algorithmically selected

Alternative Pro-Government Sources:

The Duran, Alistair Crooke, who writes for Conflicts Forum with Zatzbah
"Will give you a resolutely pro Iranian government line"
Alex uncertain if they're correct - lacks context to position it
Reflexively anti-Western intervention stance

Seattle/CHAZ Analogy:

Dr. RollerGator provides helpful framework:

Riots against ICE in Los Angeles in summer
Things set on fire, highways disrupted, cop cars vandalized, bricks thrown
Someone living in Seattle during CHAZ: "If I avoided those four blocks, I wouldn't know it was happening"
But video from those four blocks "made the loop of the world"
Key Point: Magnitude distorted from all sides - people on ground may not see what cable news amplifies

Al Jazeera Reporter:

News host fed him line: protests "all over the country"
Reporter pushed back: "I wouldn't quite say they're everywhere and I wouldn't quite say they're very intense, but it's worth watching"
Alex: "I don't know what the world looks like where CNN and the BBC are giving me a fair view of the situation"

Donald J. Trump (Community Member) Final Contribution:

Valuable sourcing advice for Iran information:

Best sources: Iraqi and Kurdish newspapers/websites
Baghdad: most cosmopolitan, mixed, leaning Sunni
Basra/southern areas: Shia perspective, more Iranian sympathetic
Kurds probably best: Have Kurdish enclave extending into Iran, used to get video back across border, historically most accurate
Understand biases going in

AI Development Discussion - The Bubble Question (02:27:00 - 02:45:00)

Main Topic: Is AI Investment a Bubble?

Discussion sparked by tech industry concerns about AI investment sustainability.

Dr. RollerGator's Clarification:

The bubble concern isn't about product adoption (which is clearly happening):

Issue is whether current players expanding data centers have sustainable charging strategy
Can they charge for adopted usage enough to sustain the investment activity?
"We need to delete the dot com bubble conversation because that was a lack of use"
Need analogies where company grew rapidly in use but didn't find monetization

The Dot Com Bubble Wasn't Pure Lack of Use:

Many chases of FOMO for companies with no business model
But also infrastructure story: "dark fiber" - fiber optic cable laid that wasn't used
A lot of infrastructure laid at huge cost that didn't get utilized
Analogy: massive data center expansion may outpace ability to monetize

Current AI Investment Scale:

Some questioning if investment is sustainable
Comparison to infrastructure overbuilding in dot-com era

AI Development - Coding Capability Breakthrough (02:45:00 - 03:00:00)

Elon Musk Retweet:

David Holtz (Mid Journey founder): "2026 will be the year of the Singularity. I've done more personal coding projects over Christmas break than I have in the last 10 years. It's crazy. I can sense the limitations, but I know nothing is going to be the same anymore."

Dr. RollerGator's Technical Analysis:

Early Stage Problems (2024-2025):

LLMs could produce code reflecting what you asked for generically
Code quality like "arbitrarily Googling for that code and copying and pasting the first thing you found"
Sketchy, didn't fit well-planned architecture
"Caveat emptor left and right"
Only gained "more of it" - faster produced bad code

Current Breakthrough (2026):

Adversarial LLM agents filling different roles:

Agent focused on ensuring security policy you specify
Agent focused on implementing code particular way
Agent focused on manner of constructing code
Hurdle now only in specifying intent well enough
No longer in overall toolkit being able to express it

Housing Construction Analogy:

2025: Like fly-by-night company building house fast but violating codes, flammable materials, "absolute nightmare"
2026: "Now we're actually going to give you the tools to adhere to codes and make sure that the material is not flammable"
Intelligent designer (seasoned developer) can instruct them properly and get "really, really strong working...at least a good beta version in a relatively short period"

Alex's Addition - First Principles Analysis:

Example: "What's the projections for the population of Ukraine in the next 20 years?"

Two approaches:

Look around for other projections (old way)
Go first principles ground up - load basic data, code up your own projection

"If you can do the second one to some degree of quality, you can beat the first. And I think when you get there, you start to get improvements now because you have superseded the default way of doing things on the question answering front by going first principles on everything."

Even If We Hit a Wall:

Might hit wall on primary performance of LLM itself
But nowhere near done on "tap performance" - what user actually experiences
"Might not be the LLM itself, right. It might be the scaffold, but they don't care"
User gets custom projection up to the moment, taking into account their concerns

AI Dystopia - Lawyers and Hallucinated Facts (02:22:00 - 02:27:00)

Main Topic: AI Hallucinated Facts as Court Evidence

Robert Friend Law tweet about unprecedented case:

The Case:

Lawyer filed declaration rife with fabrications
"AI was used not to hallucinate the law, but hallucinate the facts"
Multiple fabricated quotations presented to court
Manufactured citations to deposition transcripts "as if they came from sworn testimony"
Declaration grossly mischaracterized testimony and other facts on record
Filed in opposition to motion for summary judgment
Used fabricated facts to argue case contained "genuine issues of factual dispute"

The Judge's Response:

"Manufacturing facts, then presenting them to the court as genuine, threatens to corrupt the court's analysis and undermine the integrity of the judicial process."

The Accountability Problem:

Neither plaintiff nor former counsel would accept responsibility
Had multiple opportunities to do so
First confronted in defendant's motion to strike
"When confronted with these fabricated quotations, however, they fail to take any responsibility"

The Inexcusable Part:

"How Mr. Begley did not recognize or uncover Dr. Polya's citations as completely fabricated deposition testimony is hard to fathom, as Mr. Begley not only attended the depositions, he took them."

Judge's Conclusion:

"Those obligations [of forthrightness and candor] predate artificial intelligence by centuries."

Alex's Take:

"I will say this. I've tweeted it before, but in effect, I think you should operate under the understanding now that every lawyer you know is using AI. It is like literally they are just some of them are better about vetting the output than others."

Bubble Implications:

"The other story about a bubble is overstated because there are entire professions like lawyers that have, you know, extremely broad and wide penetration by this new class of product, which means a lot of users, a lot of use, you know, a lot of pro packages."

Final Recommendations - LLM Coding Tools (03:00:00 - 03:11:00)

Alex's Urgent Call to Action:

"Learn to prompt" (2023) → "Get Claude Code" (2025) → Now: "I really, really mean it"

Why the Urgency:

"I do think that we are about to bifurcate in, you know, the people who can do this and the people who cannot."

Ideological Motivation:

"Selfishly or ideologically or whatever. Like, I want more dissidents to have this power. I sense there is a very reasonable trepidation to getting into, you know, using AI for stuff because, hey, I mean, the regime, and like, yeah, you know, fair enough. But there is a way in which that kind of thinking means that you lose the power up, which includes the ability to challenge the regime."

Historical Parallel: "In the same way that I think, you know, opting out of the Internet early on would have probably been a mistake."

Dr. RollerGator's Practical Advice:

For Developers (Even Hobby Coders):

Get the most expensive Claude Code package "just so you'll get, do it" (psychologically commit)
But fundamentally: get any level you can afford
Projects that would take "possibly a week or more...spending many, many hours per night"
Now doable "in maybe two hours and have something that works and is good enough"

Three Key Concepts to Study:

MCP Servers (Model Context Protocol):
- Small interfaces allowing LLM to talk to specific external services
- Example: Microsoft Word MCP server for documentation reading/writing
- Database MCP servers (don't rely on LLM writing SQL)
- Can install pre-made ones or write custom ones
- Controlled, safe way to interact vs. giving command line access
Agents:
- Individual LLM instances with own instruction sets/system prompts
- Very controlled tasks with narrow instructions
- Higher quality output due to role definition
- Example: Expert in Python, expert in specific Python packages, expert in different language
- Quality controlled and higher quality
Skills/Skill Sets:
- Expand capabilities of coding apparatus
- Allow specialization and improved performance

Critical Warning: "Just don't touch copilot if you use Microsoft...it'll ruin everything in terms of equal representation. Just use Claude Code. It's just better right now."

Final Source Recommendation:

Donald J. Trump (community member) resolves technical issues to share:

Iraqi and Kurdish newspapers/websites most accurate for Iran news
Baghdad for cosmopolitan mixed Sunni-leaning perspective
Basra/southern for Shia perspective (more Iranian sympathetic)
Kurds best: have enclave extending into Iran, used to get video across border
Understanding biases going in is key

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